萧氏松茎象的生活史和生态影响因子研究

萧氏松茎象在湖南省主要危害湿地松和马尾松。通过采用解剖林内虫害木的研究方法和林间的定期观察技术，对萧氏松茎象在湖南的生活习性及主要的生态影响因子进行了研究，研究结果表明萧氏松茎象在湖南的郴州两年发生一代，寄主种类、林分类型和林内植被直接影响萧氏松茎象的发生危害程度。     

黑冠山雀Parus rubidiventris的巢址特征与繁殖行为

2007年6月,作者在甘肃尕海—则岔自然保护区发现一个黑冠山雀Parus rubidiventris的洞穴巢址并对繁殖行为作了记录。巢址位于云杉树基下,大小27 cm×11 cm、巢深17 cm。巢材由苔藓、草茎须根、羊毛、云杉叶等组成。黑冠山雀育雏频率1次/1.5 min,食物为膜翅目、鳞翅目昆虫。此外,还发现育雏结束后亲鸟有清除巢内异物行为。     

城市绿化树木栽植与管理方式的几点反思——对2003年冬北京大雪造成"树灾"的调查

2003年11月6日北京大雪对城市绿化树木造成了罕见的伤害。本文在对树木受灾情况进行调查的基础上,综合分析了树木受灾的主要因素,探讨了目前树木栽植、管理方式等与树木受灾的关系,并提出了改进建议。     

Settlement behavior of American lobster (Homarus americanus): effect of female origin and developmental temperature

The benthic settlement success of American lobster (Homarus americanus) postlarvae is a key factor in population dynamics, with the temperature being a key factor. Given the spatial distribution of the species, its pelagic larvae probably encounter various thermal zones during development. Little information is available on the ability of lobster larvae to acclimate to temperature or if this ability varies among geographic areas. The main objectives of this study were to characterize (i) the settlement behavior of the postlarvae in relation to (a) temperature during larval development and (b) the geographic origin of the maternal parent and (ii) the behavioral response of postlarvae with different thermal histories in the presence/absence of a thermocline. Results did not support the hypothesis of thermal adaptation among local populations, as settlement behavior of postlarvae did not differ among females from different geographic regions. In contrast, larval survival and settlement behavior and postlarval energetic conditions varied with development temperature. Behavioral plasticity in the benthic settlement was observed in relation to temperature structure of the experimental water column. This study suggests that there may be links between development temperature and the natural variability in survival and settlement of American lobsters. Findings emphasize the need for an integrated approach in lobster recruitment studies with the inclusion of behavior in dispersion models.     

江西首次发现雀丽毒蛾大面积危害杉木

报道雀丽毒蛾在江西首次大面积危害杉木林,对其成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹进行形态描述;阐述观察到的生活习性,根据该虫的危害特点,提出有效的防治方法。     

Controlling sprouting in potato tubers using ultraviolet-C irradiance

Legislation limiting the use of chlorpropham (CIPC), the major potato sprout suppressant, has led to a need for new technologies to extend storage life of tubers. Ultra violet C (UV-C) has been used postharvest to reduce disease incidence on many crops, yet its use and efficacy as a sprout suppressant has not been investigated. The aim of this project was to identify the optimum dose and treatment timing of UV-C treatment on potato tubers as an alternative method of sprout suppression to reduce the dependence on chemical sprout suppressants. Up to six potato cultivars over two seasons were treated with varying doses of UV-C ranging from 0 to 30 kJ m⁻² either at harvest or at first indication of dormancy break. The tubers were stored at 9 °C and sprout growth and incidence assessed. Treatment with moderate UV-C doses (5–20 kJ m⁻²) suppressed sprout length and sprout incidence in a range of cultivars. Periderm DNA damage and programmed cell death were not detected in response to any of the UV-C doses. The inactive ABA metabolite, ABA-GE, increased in response to 10 or 20 kJ m⁻² within 72 h of treatment. Multivariate analysis showed a negative relationship between ABA metabolites and sprout growth/incidence during storage. This study found that UV-C reduced sprout growth in potato with no deleterious effects on tuber quality. This suggests potential for further development as an alternative or supplement to conventional sprout suppressant technologies.     

Investigating the effects of simulated transport vibration on tomato tissue damage based on vis/NIR spectroscopy

Visible and near infrared (vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics were investigated to evaluate the effects of simulated transport vibration levels on damage of tomato fruit. A total of 280 tomato samples were randomly divided into 5 groups; each group was subjected to vibration at different acceleration levels. A total of 230 samples (46 from each group) were selected as a calibration set; whereas 50 samples (10 from each group) were selected as a prediction set. Raw spectra, differentiation (the first derivative) spectra, extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) processed spectra and standard normal variant combined with detrending (SNV–DT) processed spectra were used for calibration models. SNV–DT processed spectra had the best performance using for partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The PLS analysis was implemented to calibrate models with different wavelength bands including visible, short-wave near infrared (SWNIR) and long-wave near infrared (LWNIR) regions. The best PLS model was obtained in the vis/NIR (600–1600 nm) region. Using a grid search technique and radial basis function (RBF) kernel, four least squares support vector machine (LS–SVM) models with different latent variables (7, 8, 9, and 10 LVs) were compared. The optimal model was obtained with 9 LVs and the correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias for the best prediction by LS–SVM were 0.984, 0.137 and 0.003, respectively. The results showed that vis/NIR spectroscopy could be applied as a reliable and rapid method for predicting the effect of vibration levels on tissue damage of tomato fruit.     

夜蛾黑卵蜂雌雄蜂鉴别方法及雌蜂寄生草地贪夜蛾卵的行为特征

夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus被认为是草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵期的高效寄生蜂。明确夜蛾黑卵蜂基本生物学特征将为其繁育及应用提供重要参考。本研究对雌、雄蜂外部形态及雌蜂寄生行为进行了观察。结果显示,1、除雌蜂产卵器和雄蜂外生殖器等第一性征外,夜蛾黑卵蜂雌、雄蜂个体还具备一些典型的第二性征,可通过触角环节数量、触角棒节和柄节形态以及足和触角的颜色进行区分。2、在同一卵块上,雄蜂先于雌蜂羽化,并撕咬寄主卵壳协助雌蜂羽化;雌蜂羽化后雄蜂会立即求偶并与其交配。3、夜蛾黑卵蜂雌蜂通过利用寄主卵表鳞毛空隙、主动清理鳞毛和移动表层卵粒3种行为策略实现对大部分草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生。本研究建立了夜蛾黑卵蜂雌、雄蜂的鉴别方法,并明确了雌蜂应对夜蛾黑卵蜂卵表结构防御的行为策略。     

花椒窄吉丁对寄主果实挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

使用触角电位仪测定花椒窄吉丁两性成虫对10种寄主果实挥发物的触角电位（EAG）反应，使用Y型嗅觉计测定其对8种强烈EAG反应的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:1）寄主果实的10种挥发物均可引起花椒窄吉丁不同程度的EAG反应，100 μg·μL^-1时胡椒酮和正葵醛分别引起雌虫和雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值，d-柠檬烯、月桂烯在100 μg·μL^-1时引起雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值；然而在10 μg·μL^-1时引起雌虫的EAG反应绝对值最大。10种挥发物中，花椒窄吉丁对（±）-α-乙酸松油酯和罗勒烯的EAG反应相对较弱。2）配对T检验发现仅反式-2-己烯醛对两性成虫的EAG反应存在极显著的性别差异(P＜0.01)，而所测的其他挥发物对两性成虫的EAG反应不存在性别差异(P＞0.05)。3）1~100 μg·μL^-1的芳樟醇对雄虫驱避显著，10~100 μg·μL^-1的正葵醛对两性成虫均驱避显著，1~10 μg·μL^-1的胡椒酮、10~100 μg·μL^-1的γ-松油烯对雌虫驱避显著(P＜0.05)，10~100 μg·μL^-1的月桂烯、0.1~1 μg·μL^-1的d-柠檬烯对雄虫引诱显著。雄虫对1~100 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著；雌虫仅对10 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著，反式-2-己烯-1-醇在0.1~1 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫驱避显著；但在10~100 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫引诱显著。说明一定浓度的月桂烯、d-柠檬烯、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有引诱作用，一定浓度的芳樟醇、正葵醛、胡椒酮、γ-松油烯、反式-2-己烯醛、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有驱避作用，可作为引诱剂或驱虫剂成分进一步开发利用。